The pharmaceutical industry demands exceptionally high purity and precise concentration of drug solutions, especially for injectable products. Membrane-based separation has become a core technology in this field, replacing traditional thermal evaporation or chemical precipitation methods that often degrade heat-sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients. The membrane separation purification process integrates ultrafiltration , nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, and sometimes diafiltration, to achieve simultaneous concentration and purification.

High-salinity wastewater generated from chemical manufacturing, coal-to-chemicals and petrochemical processes presents a formidable treatment challenge. This stream typically contains extreme concentrations of dissolved salts, often exceeding 20,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, along with organic contaminants, silica and heavy metals. A zero liquid discharge approach with salt separation crystallization transforms this hazardous waste into reusable water and commercially valuable individual salt products.

Photovoltaic solar cell manufacturing generates substantial volumes of wastewater laden with fluoride ions, nitrate ions, suspended silicon particles and organic solvents from etching, cleaning and texturing operations. Traditional treatment methods often fail to eliminate these persistent contaminants, making zero liquid discharge with full water recycling an essential strategy for environmental compliance and resource conservation.

Integrated steel plants generate large volumes of comprehensive wastewater from ironmaking, steelmaking, and rolling processes. This wastewater contains suspended solids, oil, heavy metals, and salts. Treating this wastewater through a complete treatment process to achieve zero liquid discharge is the key to the industry's green upgrading.